一、什么是省略句
省略(Ellipsis)是指在不影响语义的前提下,为避免重复、使语言简洁而省去句中某些成分的语法现象。判断标准只有一个:被省略的成分必须能从上下文明确还原。凡是还原不出来的 "省略",都是语法错误(典型如悬垂结构)。
二、七大考点逐类详解
1. 简单句中的省略(基础必会)
- 祈使句省略主语:
(You) Come in, please!/Be quiet. - 感叹句省略主谓:
What a beautiful day (it is)!/How fast (he runs)! - 口语省略:
(I) Hope to see you soon./(Are you) Ready?
2. 并列句中的省略(两考并重)
由 and /but/or 连接的并列分句,后句常省略与前句相同的成分:
表格
| 省略类型 | 例句 | 还原 |
|---|---|---|
| 省略相同主语 | He was tired but (he) went on working. | 补 he |
| 省略相同谓语 | I like tea, and my brother (likes) coffee. | 补 likes |
| 省略系动词 / 助动词结构 | Jack was playing football and Mary (was) reading. | 补 was |
| 省略相同宾语 / 状语 | He studies English, but not (he studies) French. | 补 he studies |
考研提示:长难句中并列结构常省略后句的助动词和 be 动词,阅读时要能自动 "补全" 再理解。
3. 状语从句省略(★★★ 共同最高频,重点中的重点)
省略条件(两个必须同时满足):
- 从句主语与主句主语一致,或从句主语是 it;
- 从句谓语含有 be 动词。
省略后保留的成分:
- 现在分词(主动关系):
While (I was) walking along the street, I met an old friend. - 过去分词(被动关系):
Though (it was) built 100 years ago, the bridge is still strong. - 形容词:
When (he was) young, he lived in the countryside. - 介词短语:
Once (it is) opened, the door cannot be closed.(注:也可看作过去分词) - 名词 / 固定搭配:
If (it is) possible, I'll join you.→if possible
常搭配的连接词:when, while, if, unless, though/although, once, until, as, as if 四六级高频固定省略:if possible if necessary when necessary if any if ever though tired once opened
易错点(悬垂结构):从句主语与主句主语不一致时不能省略。如 Walking along the street, the tree was tall. 就是错误(walking 的逻辑主语不是 tree),必须写成 Walking along the street, I saw a tall tree.
4. 宾语从句 / 定语从句中的省略(基础必会)
- 宾语从句省 that:
I believe (that) he is honest.(谓语为 think, believe, say, hope 等时最常省) - 定语从句省关系代词:关系代词作宾语时可省:
The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is interesting.(作主语不可省:The man who came here…)
5. 不定式中的省略(两考并重)
分三种情况:
(a) 省 to(主动词用原形)
- 感官动词:
see / watch / notice / hear / feel / observe + sb do - 使役动词:
make / have / let + sb do - 惯用结构:
had better do、would rather do、cannot but do、Why not do…?
(b) 保留 to、省略动词 为避免重复,to 后动词可省(即 "不定式替代"):
—Would you like to go with me? —I'd like to, but I'm busy.(to 后省 go)He wanted to leave but refused to.- 常见保留 to 的动词:
want, plan, expect, hope, intend, try, refuse, decide, afford, forget, remember
(c) 被动语态还原 to(高频易错) 感官 / 使役动词主动省 to,被动要还原 to:
- 主动:
I saw him enter the room.→ 被动:He was seen to enter the room. - 主动:
They made him work overtime.→ 被动:He was made to work overtime.
6. 虚拟语气中的省略(考研侧重)
(a) if 条件句倒装省 if(相当于把 had /should/were 提前):
Had I known about it, I would have told you.=If I had known…Should it rain tomorrow, the match would be cancelled.=If it should rain…Were I you, I would accept the offer.=If I were you…
注意:这种倒装省略只用于虚拟语气,真实条件句不能这样倒装。
(b) 名词性从句省 should:
The doctor suggested that he (should) give up smoking.- 常见动词:
suggest, insist, order, demand, require, recommend, propose, advise
7. 比较结构中的省略(考研重点)
- as…as /than 后省略重复成分:
She sings better than I (do)./He runs as fast as I (do). - 省略整个相同结构:
The result is better than (it was) expected./Spend no more than (is) necessary. - the more…the more 结构省谓语:
The harder you work, the greater progress you (will) make. - 省略造成歧义(考研阅读常见陷阱):
He loves his dog more than his wife.有歧义 —— 是 "比爱妻子更深"(= more than he loves his wife)还是 "比妻子更爱狗"(= more than his wife does)?须靠上下文判断。
三、四六级 vs 考研侧重对比(速记表)
| 维度 | 四六级(CET-4/6) | 考研英语 |
|---|---|---|
| 核心要求 | 识别省略,能看懂句子 | 补全省略,精准理解与翻译 |
| 最高频 | 状语从句省略、并列省略、固定结构 | 比较结构省略、虚拟语气省略、并列长难句补全 |
| 典型考法 | 阅读识别、翻译补全、选词填空 | 阅读长难句、翻译题(还原省略是采分点)、完形结构 |
| 易错点 | 分不清省略成分 | 补错成分、悬垂结构、比较歧义 |
共同高频(先背这三块):① 状语从句省略 ② 比较结构省略 ③ 不定式 to 的省略。
四、5 个必背易错点
- 状语从句省略的双条件:主语一致(或 it)+ 含 be。两个缺一不可,否则悬垂。
- 被动还原 to:
see/make sb do变被动后 to 必须回来(was seen to/was made to)。 - 比较省略的歧义:
more than his wife这类表达要先判断补全方式再理解。 - 省略后的助动词:
She sings better than I do.(用 do,不是 am);时态人称要和主语一致。 - if 倒装仅限虚拟:
Had he come…只能表示 "如果他(当时)来了" 的虚拟假设。
五、复习建议
- 四六级:把 "状语从句省略 + 固定省略结构(if possible /when necessary /so do I /what if)" 当背诵清单;阅读遇到省略句先补全再翻译。
- 考研:长难句训练时养成 "补省略" 习惯;翻译题遇到省略句,把补出的成分写进译文就是采分点。
- 共同练习法:每天挑 5 个普通句改写为省略句(如
Because he was tired, he stopped.→Tired, he stopped.),正向改写一遍,反向还原一遍,规则自然牢固。
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考试时间:10月17日
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